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My cromulent posts embiggen this forum.
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So are we of a consensus that it is it acceptable to impale thousands of humans, made in the image of likeness of God and with intrinsic value, to scare off possible attacks?
That is bat...guano... crazy.
Alexis
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All I am saying is that if it weren't for strong Christian kings and Emperors that Europe and therefore America too would not have the significant Christian populations that they do today.
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This again goes into an argument about whether or not evil is permitted in order to bring about good. The Catholic Church, at least, says no.
Alexis
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No, the Catholic Church says, "It depends".
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From the Catechism of the Catholic Church: 1752 In contrast to the object, the intention resides in the acting subject. Because it lies at the voluntary source of an action and determines it by its end, intention is an element essential to the moral evaluation of an action. The end is the first goal of the intention and indicates the purpose pursued in the action. The intention is a movement of the will toward the end: it is concerned with the goal of the activity. It aims at the good anticipated from the action undertaken. Intention is not limited to directing individual actions, but can guide several actions toward one and the same purpose; it can orient one's whole life toward its ultimate end. For example, a service done with the end of helping one's neighbor can at the same time be inspired by the love of God as the ultimate end of all our actions. One and the same action can also be inspired by several intentions, such as performing a service in order to obtain a favor or to boast about it.
1753 A good intention (for example, that of helping one's neighbor) does not make behavior that is intrinsically disordered, such as lying and calumny, good or just. The end does not justify the means. Thus the condemnation of an innocent person cannot be justified as a legitimate means of saving the nation. On the other hand, an added bad intention (such as vainglory) makes an act evil that, in and of itself, can be good (such as almsgiving).[39]
1754 The circumstances, including the consequences, are secondary elements of a moral act. They contribute to increasing or diminishing the moral goodness or evil of human acts (for example, the amount of a theft). They can also diminish or increase the agent's responsibility (such as acting out of a fear of death). Circumstances of themselves cannot change the moral quality of acts themselves; they can make neither good nor right an action that is in itself evil.
II. GOOD ACTS AND EVIL ACTS
1755 A morally good act requires the goodness of the object, of the end, and of the circumstances together. An evil end corrupts the action, even if the object is good in itself (such as praying and fasting "in order to be seen by men"). The object of the choice can by itself vitiate an act in its entirety. There are some concrete acts - such as fornication - that it is always wrong to choose, because choosing them entails a disorder of the will, that is, a moral evil.
1756 It is therefore an error to judge the morality of human acts by considering only the intention that inspires them or the circumstances (environment, social pressure, duress or emergency, etc.) which supply their context. There are acts which, in and of themselves, independently of circumstances and intentions, are always gravely illicit by reason of their object; such as blasphemy and perjury, murder and adultery. One may not do evil so that good may result from it.
IN BRIEF
1757 The object, the intention, and the circumstances make up the three "sources" of the morality of human acts.
1758 The object chosen morally specifies the act of willing accordingly as reason recognizes and judges it good or evil.
1759 "An evil action cannot be justified by reference to a good intention" (cf. St. Thomas Aquinas, Dec. praec. 6). The end does not justify the means.
1760 A morally good act requires the goodness of its object, of its end, and of its circumstances together.
1761 There are concrete acts that it is always wrong to choose, because their choice entails a disorder of the will, i.e., a moral evil. One may not do evil so that good may result from it. Alexis
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Very nice, Alexis. But it means nothing in practice. The reality is it still depends. Let us look, for instance, at the matter of war (which is, of course, my specialty). If we believe that killing is an objective evil, the Church has long countenanced that evil as being necessary on occasion for the defense of the innocent against aggression. The same is true for killing of criminals by law enforcement, and use of capital punishment against convicted malefactors.
I am entirely aware that the Latin Church has developed all sorts of hedges around these areas to "justify" them, but (a) such attempts at justification begin only in the Middle Ages; and (b) were never developed in the Eastern Churches. Eastern Christian moral theology views the human being as an icon of the Creator, and the destruction of that image is objectively evil, even in cases of self-defense, even, in fact, by accident. The Eastern Churches make no effort to "justify" the taking of human life, other than to say in some cases it is necessary and in others unavoidable.
Thus, in the Christian East, one does not find "just war" theory, and soldiers who kill the enemy in battle are (in theory, at least) subject to the same canonical disciplines as ordinary murderers (i.e., three years abstinence from Communion).
The Latin Church has taken a different tack on this, but the net effect is the same, only we don't bother to pretty up what we have to do. Which is to say, we sometimes have to do objectively evil things to attain good ends. You weasel out of that by saying if conditions a, b and c are met, then the acts are not "evil". We beg to differ, which is probably due to our different perspectives on the nature of sin and its effects. The West has always tended to look on sin as a violation of an objective moral law, which in turn demands some sort of "penalty"; let us call this the judicial model of sin. The East on the other hand, views sin as a moral sickness in need of healing, hence instead of penalties we have "therapies" (prayer, fasting, abstention from communion, etc.). Call this the "medicinal" model of sin.
Under our model, all sin is a failure to live up to the image of God within us, a "falling short of the mark" (hamartia), which has both a personal and a cosmic dimension to it. When we kill, for whatever reason, even for the best of reasons, it is still a falling short of the mark that harms us and the Cosmos, and therefore requires healing. That doesn't mean we should be paralyzed into inaction by the fear of hamartia, but it does require us to look open eyed and objectively at what we do.
So, whether we take the Western or the Eastern approach, the correct answer is still, "it depends".
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"We don't have to pretty up...you weasel out...etc." I really wish a Moderator would take a look at the tone of this post and how it comes off to Latin Catholics. I don't appreciate being told that my Church's moral theology is weasely. We are all Catholic Christians and there is no need for that.
Secondly, Stuart, you still haven't proved anything. You've basically just given a rundown as to why you think the Eastern view is superior. In another thread you recently accused me of tortured logic to skirt around the meaning of the text. I don't see how your approach with what is clear in the Catechism is any different.
Alexis
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I confess I find the Latin way casuistic at times, which is probably one reason I am not a Latin. On the other hand, once you strip away the casuistry, the answer remains, "It depends". Sometimes killing someone is a justifiable evil, and sometimes it is not. But do not ask me to pretend that, because I can check off some abstract criteria on a list, it ceases to be intrinsically evil.
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John Member
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Alexis,
And just how does your tone about how we need to learn to speak Latin come across to Byzantines? You present theology in terms of the Latin Church. That is not how we speak. You are doing the equivalent of entering a Greek home and insisting we speak your language and then condemning us when we continue to speak theology in our native tongue.
I will ask both you and Stuart to post with more charity.
John
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On a lighter note, every time I see the title of this thread I chuckle. I can picture a slapstick movie about a vampire who sends his casket to a Russian Orthodox cemetery and finds it went astray to a Russian Orthodox seminary. Think Monty Python. Or "The Princess Bride". Or "Fawlty Towers". With the casket arriving and being stuck in the chapel the vampire comes alive each night during the all-night Vigil. Just as he thinks the service is over and he can sneak out he hears "again and again, in peace let us pray".
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You can always rent a copy of "Fearless Vampire Killers".
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